Always Be Closing :: Essays Papers

Always Be Closing Preceding the Play, David Mamet includes the phrase "Always Be Closing," and he titles it a "Practical Sales Maxim." In this essay, I will discuss how this philosophy not only applied to the sales attempts of the characters, but how it encompassed their entire approach to life. In the first dialogue of the play, Shelly Levene is speaking to John Williamson. He tells John, "All I am saying, that your wasting leads†¦All that I'm saying, things get set, I know they do, you get a mindset†¦A guy gets a reputation†¦All I'm saying, put a closer on the job†¦wait a second, put a proven man on the job." Shelly is talking about the fact that the good leads always go to the closers. Shelly does not think this is a fair practice. He believes that everyone could be a closer if only they could get the good leads. In the end of this dialogue he misstates himself and says, "put a closer on the job." This statement, which he quickly corrects, shows that Shelly is trying to make his past achievements relevant to the present. He used to be a closer but he is not anymore. For Shelly Levene, the phrase, "Always be closing", is a reminder of what he used to be. He was on top "eight months out of twelve, for three years in a row." He was immersed in his work, and he was the best. Then his streak ended and he fell from his throne. His driving force now is the idea that he can regain his place at the top. If only he could get the good leads, which ironically he cannot, because he isn't a closer. Although it was never stated as such, I got the idea that there was a problem with his daughter. He kept referring to her, but nothing was ever established as to the role she played in his life. I believe Shelly Levene was willing to sacrifice whatever relationship he had with his daughter in order to continue his quest to be great again. Richard Roma is in the place that Shelly Levene used to occupy. He is on top because he closes the deal. He is, now, involved in a sales promotion to win a Cadillac. He not only will win the Cadillac, he will also win the coveted Glengarry leads.

Scholasticism in Religious Architecture

Matt Pearson Professor Ansell Humanities 201 5 August 2013 Scholasticism in Religious Architecture â€Å"Sacred architecture is not, a ‘free' art, developed from ‘feelings' and ‘sentiment', but it is an art strictly tied by and developed from the laws of geometry† (Schneider). This is a governing principle behind the architecture and stained-glass images in Chartres Cathedral: the building wasn't Just built without a plan or the art didn't Just happen, it is a systematic creation using geometry (Crossly 232). Scholasticism is the main contributor to the use of geometry to organize how the Cathedral was built.Briefly described, scholasticism is taking events, concepts, or miracles, that we can't understand, and organizing a structured argument to provide an explanation. In the Chartres Cathedral, the architecture and art not only display sacred religious events and scenes from the Bible, but also secular events, such as everyday chores like farming or cleaning . There is clearly a union trying to be made here between things of this earthly world – science, philosophy, reason – and things that go beyond the earthly world – faith, theology, revelation.This is where scholasticism is found, cause it organizes events and understanding to find God in the secular and sacred. In Chartres Cathedral, the building as a whole is meant to take us from the corruption of this world and into the presence of God, which embodies light. There is great detail in each stained-glass window, specifically in the exactness of the geometry and also in the Biblical stories they portray, which again point us to God, and also show how scholasticism has helped shape the organized design behind many things in the Cathedral. Scholasticism is a â€Å"term used to designate both a method and a system.It is applied to theology as well as to philosophy' (Turner). Historically, it came from early Christian institutions. They would have someone as the he ad of the school that would act as the philosopher or theologian to help carry out the method of dialectical teaching to the students. This is done in an attempt to put understanding and reason to mysteries like science and faith or reason and revelation, and how these conflicting pairs can exist together. Not only can these opposites exist, but they â€Å"must harmonize† together to form greater understanding (Turner). SST. ThomasAquinas was one of the greatest Scholastics of his time. He was monumental in bridging the gap between theology and philosophy by his reasoning that â€Å"God is the author of all truth, and it is impossible to think that He would teach in the natural order anything that contradicts what He teaches in the supernatural order† (Turner). A structure, as grand as the Chartres Cathedral, introduces an interesting paradox for religious and secular views, because the architects â€Å"however much directed towards the glory of God, still turned man' s eyes elsewhere and diverted elsewhere he wealth he could have put to better purpose† (Affair 55).This meaner that the architects were trying to turn people's hearts and minds to God, but, in an attempt to do so, they were expending vast amounts of resources on secular architecture. They wanted to build a place that would mentally take you from this world and into God's world. This concept is easily seen as people enter the doors of the Cathedral and see all the light that is coming in through the stained-glass windows at all times of the day. These windows truly illuminate the building and allow the participants to feel God or light.The Cathedral also was a place for people to make their religious pilgrimages and would aid them in their search for God. Many of the stained-glass windows show events of Chrism's ministry, but for the sake of exploring scholasticism and its relation to Chartres Cathedral, we are going to focus on Just two windows: The Tree of Jesse and the Rose Window. The Tree of Jesse shows â€Å"Chrism's royal genealogy [rising] up from Jesse, who lies at the bottom of the window, to Christ, who sits enthroned at the summit† (Preach 42). The window is a column of squares made up of smaller rectangles.In each square is figure and a continuation of the tree stemming from Jesses frame, which represents the continued line from Jesse to Christ and how Christ is born an heir to the king because of the unbroken chain. At Chrism's feet sits Mary, and around both of them are seven doves, which represent the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, â€Å"the gift of wisdom†¦ The gift of understanding†¦ The gift of counsel†¦ The gift of fortitude†¦ The gift of knowledge†¦ The gift of fear of the Lord†¦ The gift of Reverence† (Aquinas).Having Christ, Mary, and the doves all together at the top also represents something else, the double personality of Christ, human through His lineage, divine through His union with the Holy Spirit† (Preach 44). The miracle of Chrism's birth can't be explained through science, because of Mary and the Immaculate Conception, but some understanding is given to Chrism's lineage through the structure of the window. It shows Christ is connected to being a King through Mary, or God, and through Jesse, who was an earthly king. The organized structure shows the use of scholasticism, because of its push for organization to explain miraculous events.A main contributor to scholasticism is SST. Thomas Aquinas and his text Sum Theological. One argument he presented was â€Å"The Life of God† and â€Å"Whether all things in God are life? † (Aquinas). He takes all the objections he can find to the question he has asked. He will then make a â€Å"response† or an explanation to every objection to explain the initial question being asked. This is a very structured procedure, but it is seen in â€Å"The Tree of Jesse† window, because it addresses the concern, is Christ really God and is He an earthly and heavenly king.It then takes each objection and finds a response: Christ is an earthly king because of his genealogical connection to Jesse, ND Christ is a heavenly king, because of his miraculous or immaculate conception by the Holy Ghost, through his virgin mother, Mary. The Rose Window is actually in two places in Chartres Cathedral on the south and north walls. The Rose on the south transept has Christ at the center, surrounded by apostles. Below the Rose Window are five â€Å"lancet† windows, which have, from left to right, Isaiah, Daniel, Virgin Mary holding Christ as an infant, Ezekiel, Jeremiah (Affair 90).This is to surround Mary with the â€Å"four great prophets† (Preach 89). On their shoulders sit the â€Å"Evangelists,† Matthew, Mark, John, and Luke, which symbolizes their role in proclaiming Chrism's birth and divinity. The Rose itself symbolized beauty and perfection, which represents Mary as a fair virgin and also Christ as the only perfect human. The Rose symbolism is only strengthened by the presence of these stained glass windows that surround the rose. To give an example, in one of the medallion windows that surround the center of the rose, â€Å"Mary, is exalted as Queen of Heaven†¦ He is seated on a throne and holds a scepter† (Preach 93). The Rose on the north transept has SST. Anne holding Mary at the center. This is a unique image, because now it isn't Christ who is the infant, but it is Mary and she is â€Å"in the arms of her mother Anne, the person who establishes the genealogical link with the Old Testament† (Preach 93). This shows us the importance of Mary in all of Christianity. Below the Rose are five more â€Å"lancet† windows, like on the south side, except these stained-glass windows have different images, which are, from left to right, Milkweed, David, SST.Anne holding Mary as an infant, Solomon, and Aaron (Affair 91). A nne is â€Å"surrounded by the most famous of the ancient kings† which show how important Anne is and the oracle that came from her (Preach 93). All of this detail and organization in both Rose Windows shows scholastic thought, because, as mentioned before, Chrism's birth and conception is an unexplainable miracle, but guiding our train of thought with these images helps to explain the miracle. There is one more detail in the Rose that really cements scholasticism in the Cathedral, it is the process to create the Rose.First, a process is carried out to find twelve evenly spaced spaces around a circle. Second, a star with twelve points is drawn in the middle, every line being exactly the name length. At the base of each point, close to the center, twelve equal circles are made. Another star with twelve points is then drawn inside the bigger star, once again each line being the same length. A circle is made around the inner star and in the center of this circle is where Christ is placed in one window and Anne and Mary are placed in the other window.The precision that is used reflects the scholastic procedure Thomas Aquinas uses. Great care and concern are taken to create the desired result and to give an explanation too miracle. Thomas Aquinas used this teeth in writing to explain the miracle of God and the Rose Windows use this method in imagery and biblical symbolism to explain the miracle of Christ and Mary. Thus, we can see that Chartres Cathedral has Biblical symbolism in the stained-glass windows and scholasticism is used within these windows as the organization.Chartres Cathedral is built in great geometric precision to take people's thoughts from this world into God's world (Crossly 233). Through the geometric precision, scholasticism is very present. Scholasticism is found in the Stem of Jesse by the organizational structure used to present the explanation of Chrism's divine birth. This is a miracle that can't simply be explained, but the Stem of Jesse window systematically takes us from Jesse to Mary and then to Christ to explain the miracle.Scholasticism is also found in the Rose Windows in the precise geometric construction and also in the images that are shown. The conception of Christ is a miracle, but the different images show how it can be explained. In all of these Biblical events and miracles, scholasticism creates an organized way to understanding them. Works Cited Aquinas, Thomas. Sum Theological. Kevin Knight, 2008. New Advent. Web. 6 August 2013. Crossly, Paul. Rhetoric Beyond Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Social Disorganization And Inequality Methodology

Social Disorganization And Inequality Methodology Unit 8 Assignment 1 Ann-Marie Cameron Capella University Dr. Conis December 2, 2015 Hypotheses or Research Question The research question or hypotheses is to test the previous sample against our research sampling of social disorganized local surrounding (communities/neighborhoods) in the state of Georgia and thereby inspect whether there is adequate variation that exists amongst those communities/neighborhoods that will supply useful data for this analysis. The following questions are addressed: Questions for this research: 1) What is the relationship between African American, Caucasian and the Latino communities’/ neighborhood social structure, crime rate and delinquent opportunity structures? 2) What is the combined effect of communities’/neighborhood â€Å"social structure, social processes, and delinquent opportunity structures on rates of juvenile delinquency† (Kingston, Huizinga, Elliott, 2009, p. 61)? 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There are three types of delinquency: the first type is environment delinquent, they are usually Social Disorganization And Inequality Methodology Social Disorganization and Inequality Methodology Unit 8 Assignment 1 Ann-Marie Cameron Capella University Dr. Conis December 2, 2015 Hypotheses or Research Question The research question or hypotheses is to test the previous sample against our research sampling of social disorganized local surrounding (communities/neighborhoods) in the state of Georgia and thereby inspect whether there is adequate variation that exists amongst those communities/neighborhoods that will supply useful data for this analyses. The following questions are addressed: Questions for this research: 1) What is the relationship between African American, Caucasian and the Latino communities’/ neighborhood social structure, crime rate and delinquent opportunity structures? 2) What is the combined effect of communities’/neighborhood â€Å"social structure, social processes, and delinquent opportunity structures on rates of juvenile delinquency† (Kingston, Huizinga, Elliott, 2009, p. 61)? How conclusive will the research results be? The research data should be very conclusive as long as the individuals that will be in the study are able to comply with the research questions. This research will allow them the opportunity to be counted and heard in regards to their neighborhoods social disorganization as well as the social structures and crime rate factors that might be causing these issues in their area. This research has also considered that it could lack decisive data if our subject surveyShow MoreRelatedSocial Disorganization And Inequality Methodology1225 Words   |  5 Pages Social Disorganization And Inequality Methodology Unit 8 Assignment 1 Ann-Marie Cameron Capella University Dr. Conis December 2, 2015 Hypotheses or Research Question The research question or hypotheses is to test the previous sample against our research sampling of social disorganized local surrounding (communities/neighborhoods) in the state of Georgia and thereby inspect whether there is adequate variation that exists amongst those communities/neighborhoods that will supply usefulRead MoreHigh School Dropout Levels951 Words   |  4 Pagesprevent and handle this issue. So, where will the research focus be for these states? 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What Will Happen to Animals If Everyone Goes Vegan

Non-vegans often ask, What would happen to the animals if we all went vegan? Its a valid question. If we stop eating cows, pigs,  and chickens, what would happen to the 10 billion land animals we now eat every year? And what would happen to wildlife if we stop hunting? Or the animals used for experiments or entertainment? The World Will Not Go Vegan Overnight As with any product, as the demand for meat changes, production will change to meet market demands. As more people go vegan, there will be more vegan products available in both mainstream stores and health food stores. Farmers will adjust by breeding, raising, and slaughtering fewer animals. Similarly, more vegan products will show up in stores and more farmers will switch to growing things like quinoa, spelt, or kale. If the World Goes Vegan It is conceivable that the world, or part of the world, could suddenly go vegan. There have been several instances where demand for a particular animal product suddenly plummeted. After a report on pink slime (a.k.a. lean finely textured beef) aired on ABC World News with Diane Sawyer in 2012, most of the pink slime plants in the US shut down within weeks and one company, AFA Foods, declared bankruptcy. In an example from the mid-1990s, speculation in the emu meat market caused emu farms to spring up around the United States and Canada. As an increasing number of farmers bought emu eggs and breeding pairs, the prices of the eggs and birds rose, creating a false impression that there was great consumer demand for emu products (meat, oil,  and leather), which caused even more farmers to go into emu farming. A six-foot-tall, flightless Australian bird who is related to the ostrich, emus were touted as having lean, nutritious meat, fashionable leather, and healthy oil. But the price of emu meat was high, supply was unreliable, and consumers didnt like the taste as much as that of cheap, familiar beef. While its unclear whats happening to all the pink slime that used to go to McDonalds, Burger King and Taco Bell, emus are harder to hide, and many were abandoned in the wild, include the forests of southern Illinois, as reported by the Chicago Tribune News. If a large number of people were to suddenly go vegan and there were too many cows, pigs,  and chickens, farmers would cut back abruptly on breeding, but the animals who are already here may be abandoned, slaughtered, or sent to sanctuaries. None of these fates are worse than what would have happened if people continued eating meat, so the concern for what would happen to the animals is not an argument against veganism. Hunting and Wildlife Hunters sometimes argue that if they were to stop hunting, the deer population would explode. This is a false argument because if hunting were to stop, we would also stop the practices that increase the deer population. State wildlife management agencies artificially boost the deer population in order to increase recreational hunting opportunities for hunters. By clearcutting forests, planting deer-preferred plants and requiring tenant farmers to leave a certain amount of their crops unharvested in order to feed the deer, the agencies are creating the edge habitat that is preferred by deer and also feeding the deer. If we stop hunting, we would also stop these tactics that increase the deer population. If we stopped hunting, we would also stop breeding animals in captivity for hunters. Many nonhunters are unaware of state and private programs that breed quail, partridges, and pheasants in captivity, for the purpose of releasing them in the wild, to be hunted. All wildlife populations fluctuate according to the number of predators and available resources. If human hunters are removed from the picture and we stop breeding game birds and manipulating deer habitat, the wildlife will adapt and fluctuate and reach a balance with the ecosystem. If the deer population were to explode, it would then collapse from lack of resources and continue to fluctuate, naturally. Animals Used for Clothing, Entertainment, Experiments Like the animals used for food, other animals used by humans would also have their numbers in captivity reduced as demand for animal products declines. As the number of chimpanzees in research in the US declines — the National Institute of Health has stopped funding for experiments using chimpanzees — fewer chimps will be bred. As the demand for wool or silk fall, we will see fewer sheep and silkworms being bred. Some animals are captured from the wild, including orcas and dolphins for aquarium shows. It is conceivable that existing zoos and aquariums could become sanctuaries and stop buying, selling, or breeding animals. Sanctuaries like New Jerseys Popcorn Park Zoo take in abandoned exotic pets, injured wildlife, and illegal pets. In all cases, if the world were to go vegan overnight or very quickly, the animals who cannot be returned to the wild will be slaughtered, abandoned, or taken care of in sanctuaries. Most likely, the world will go vegan gradually, and the an imals in captivity will be gradually phased out. The World Going Vegan Veganism is definitely spreading in the U.S. and, it would seem, in other parts of the world, as well. Even among non-vegans, demand for animal foods is shrinking. In the U.S., we are eating less meat even though our population is growing. This is because of a drop in per capita meat consumption. Whether we will ever have a vegan world is debatable, but it is clear that a combination of factors — animal rights, animal welfare, environment,  and health — is causing people to eat less meat.

Broadcast Journalism is Transforming but not Dying Essay

Over the last 20 years the Internet has become a prime source for media people turn to for convenience. We have entered a culture that demands information and news instantly and constantly all day, all week and all year round. The invention and rise of handsets, social media, News apps and online newspapers have pushed broadcast journalism to the brink, forcing the industry into a state of struggle whereby it must deliver successful ideas to stay in the loop. By discussing how future broadcast journalists can either establish new ideas or incorporate new technology into their work, it can be established that this industry isn’t dying. The traditions of broadcast journalism are in a state of redevelopment to keep up with the technologically†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Viewers want the news now†¦they want instant updates via social networking which nearly everyone has on their smart phones these days,† broadcast journalism lecturer Rich Lodewyk explained. For the future of broadcast journalism, this means the industry needs to deliver easy access to videos that appear on the news online, and that are advertised on social media so that they can reach the audience. As long as broadcast journalism can keep up and roll with the times, it will stay alive. With the intervention and rise of technological handsets and social media web pages, the battle to keep traditional broadcast journalism alive will be lost if it cannot adapt to the functions of contemporary society. 12-time Emmy award winning reporter and social media pioneer Sarah Hill (2013) argues that Google glass will change the future of broadcast journalism. â€Å"When hangouts on air are supported by glass, this will create a free, hands free broadcast tower.† She further goes on to explain the glass will mean that no metal stick in the ground or call letters will be required, â€Å"TV stations will be coming to a face near you.† Google glass is one way journalists can roll with the times. Rather than technology being the one to blame for the loss of broadcast journalism jobs, the industry can incorporate it into their job. 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Below each example (or on an accompanying page) identify where the reasoning came from, including page number and the date of publication or broadcast or conversation you heard. Then identify the reasoning that occurs, and defend your identification. Your goal should be fifteen examples. Staple your fifteen pages together in the upper left corner, adding a cover page containing your name andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesUsing Influence Wisely 283 A Balanced View of Power 283 Lack of Power 283 Abuse of Power 285 Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power 286 The Necessity of Power and Empowerment 286 Sources of Personal Power 288 Sources of Positional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 Influence Strategies: The Three Rs 298 The Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310

Los Angeles Riots †Speculating About Causes Free Essays

May 14, 2012 Born of Neglect – The Los Angeles Riots â€Å"It was the city that failed†¦It was police management, past and present, that has failed. This has to be taken into account to reflect a just and fair sentence†¦There simply has to be some allowance for the official negligence of the city which allowed this to take place and which will take place again† (qtd. in Cannon 3) On April 29, 1992, the day the verdict in the Rodney King trial was read, I was seventeen years old. We will write a custom essay sample on Los Angeles Riots – Speculating About Causes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Standing in the living room, I watched the news with my parents as they waited for the verdict. When the four â€Å"not guilty† verdicts were announced, I asked my parents why the police were found not guilty if they were caught on tape, that didn’t seem fair. My mom answered, â€Å"No one ever said life is fair. † This was news to me; however the people of Los Angeles had learned this lesson the hard way. The people of L. A. and the justice system have had a long and rocky relationship. There have been three major riots in L. A. since 1942, and coincidentally or not, each has a direct correlation with racial bias of the judicial system. While there is good cause to question whether mob mentality took over and created the riots themselves, the circumstances that created the perfect atmosphere for violence cannot be discounted. The Zoot Suit Riots of 1942 involved the predominately Mexican youth of central L. A. and the predominately white servicemen that had been stationed there. Tension between the two had been building, partly due to the servicemen’s rowdy behavior and perceived disrespect to the Mexican community, and partly due to the Mexican youth’s territorialism and pride. Due to the current wartime state of the country however, the media and most citizens gave favor to the servicemen, and portrayed the Mexican Zoot Suitors as gangsters and troublemakers. When Jose Diaz was discovered murdered, the media and police were quick to label it a gang killing. The subsequent arrests and trial were such a charade of justice that all of the convictions were later overturned. However, the resentment the Mexican youth had for being treated so unfairly simmered, and created the tinderbox that ignited the Zoot Suit Riots. In 1965 the L. A. P. D. ulled over Marquette Frye, a young black man suspected of drunk driving. Frye was new to L. A. , and did not realize the seriousness of the police in L. A. He attempted to joke with the officers, and being close to his home, Frye’s mother arrived on the scene and began to scold Frye for getting into trouble. At this time a crowd had begun to form, and look on as the police used their batons to subdue Frye, his mother , and his cousin with excessive force. The crowd began throwing things at the police, and the rumblings of what became the worst riot in Los Angeles’s history began. Unlike the previous riots, The Los Angeles Riot of 1992 started abruptly. Still, there was a general distrust between the L. A. P. D and the people of Los Angeles, and many complaints of police brutality were ignored. In March of 1991 a fifteen year old girl named Latasha Harlins walked into a Korean-owned store to buy some juice. She had her money in her hand, but put the juice into her backpack before she paid. The store owner, Soon Ja Du, perceived Latasha to be stealing, and grabbed her arm. Latasha struck Soon Ja Du and knocked her down. She threw the juice on the counter, and turned to leave the store. Soon Ja Du pulled out a gun and shot Latasha in the back of the head as she was leaving, and instantly killed her. The community went into an uproar, and racial tension was stronger than ever. Soon Ja Du went to trial and was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, and her recommended sentence was sixteen years. When she went before the judge for sentencing however, the judge assigned her five years probation, 400 hours community service, and a $500 fine. During this same time period, a black man named Rodney King was pulled over after leading the police on a high speed chase, and brutally beaten by five white police officers. The police were unknowingly being videotaped, and the tape was released to the public. The trial of the officers involved was followed by the entire country, and the conviction of the officers seemed a sure thing. When a white jury returned four â€Å"not guilty† verdicts to an already tense city, it had the effect of setting a match to a fuse. The verdicts were announced at 3:15pm; 45 minutes later a flash mob formed at the intersection of Florence and Normandie. The group of people, angry and betrayed, began throwing bricks, shouting, and breaking windows. When the police arrived, they did not call for back-up to control the situation immediately, and instead retreated. The police formed barricades around the city, effectively protecting the upscale neighborhoods surrounding the city, as well as trapping anyone who might have wanted to escape. Around this time the line between righteous anger and mob mentality may have become blurred. In the full scale riot that ensued, building were looted and burned down, pedestrians were brutalized, and some were killed. One of the most remembered events of the riots was the live broadcast of Reginald Denny being dragged from the cab of his truck, knocked down, and being beaten with a fire extinguisher, hammer, and brick. In retrospect many people considered this a hate crime, because Denny was white. However, some people consider this merely a crime of opportunity, with Denny simply being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv. Print. How to cite Los Angeles Riots – Speculating About Causes, Essay examples

Public Relations Placing a Media Release

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relationsfor Placing a Media Release. Answer: Introduction First Report- The chapter of the book focuses on how to formulate a media release for the public relations writing. In this chapter, James Mahoney speaks of the various aspects of a media release and how to utilize them to the advantage. Mahoney speaks of how to locate and identify the best news spaces. He also speaks of the competition for the news space that usually happens. After these have been identified, there is an idea of what media releases are and how to release it in a manner where it would receive the maximum amount of focus. There is also an explanation of a media kit. A media kit is one of the prime tools that need to be used in order to build a place in the promotions (Foster, 2008). The media kits can help the media understand what to promote and would provide the appropriate place. After it has been done, there is an idea of trying to understand whether the press release of any idea would work. In such a case, there is also a need for writing a media release. The fin al step is using a template. The template in the case of a press release consists of 5 Ws and 1 H (Newsom and Carrell, 2001). The five Ws are Whathappened? Whois involved? Whendid it take place? Wheredid it take place? Whydid that happen? And how did it happen? Second Report- In the second part of the chapter, Mahoney speaks of the Inverted pyramid in which a press release runs. The various techniques and formats are discussed in order to locate the exact format in which to arrange a press release. The next portions are in fact ideas on how to get your work released. There are certain means for getting your work out to be released. The first and foremost step to be taken in this case are to locate the journalists that would be interested in your release. Once that has been done, there is a need to build relationships with the journalists (Treadwell and Treadwell, 2005). Building relationships and strengthening them with the journalists would help in securing a place for the release. A good relationship with the journalists thus increases the scope for the press releases. The final step includes the discussion on the barriers to the media. In this portion, Mahoney speaks of the various barriers that would come up in the case of a press relea se and how to overcome them. Research and Planning for Public Relations The chapter focuses on the need for research on how to build public relations for any kind of plan. Mahoney says that there is a need for the development of public relations as that would help more people know about the various plans one has in mind. As more and more people know about an idea or plan to be undertaken, there is an interest among more such people regarding what happens next. As a result, building such public relations helps in the formation of a plan on how to execute a plan and what area to execute it in. After the research for the public relations has been done, there is a need for the identification of the communication needs and issues (Wilcox, 2001). This is done so as to find out how to carry out the process of building public relations and use them to the advantage. The next step is an extension of this process. Mahoney suggests that before embarking on any kind of plan, after the public relations research has been completed, there needs to be a situation analys is as the creation of a situation analysis helps in the formation of a pathway to take in the future courses of the plan. The final part of the chapter is on how to create a situation analysis. There are guidelines for the writing of a situation analysis. Communication within Organizations The chapter lays stress on the need for communication within the organization and how to formulate a process for the effective conversation within the organization. Mahoney is of the opinion that the primary form of communication is verbal communication and as a result, the preparation and execution of speech is the primary process to be undertaken in this matter. This chapter is thus about speeches and their preparation. There are ideas on how to plan a speech. After the speech has been planned, there is an outline on how to write a speech draft (Writing techniques, 2000). There are also ideas on how to prepare the speaker as the speaker is the primary element in the discourse. Finally, there are ideas on what to do after the speech has been completed. This part is where the idea of how to behave after the speech has been concluded is put forth (Zappala, Carden and Simon, 2004). Finally, Mahoney speaks of how to create an overall presentation. This part puts forth the idea of how to create a presentation after the speech has been readied. References Foster, J. (2008).Effective writing skills for public relations. London: Kogan Page. Newsom, D. and Carrell, B. (2001).Public relations writing. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Treadwell, D. and Treadwell, J. (2005).Public relations writing. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Wilcox, D. (2001).Public relations writing and media techniques. New York: Longman. Writing techniques. (2000).Public Relations Review, 26(2), pp.109-111. Zappala, J., Carden, A. and Simon, R. (2004).Public relations worktext. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associataes.